Weight the feature frequencies in a dfm

dfm_weight(
  x,
  scheme = c("count", "prop", "propmax", "logcount", "boolean", "augmented", "logave"),
  weights = NULL,
  base = 10,
  k = 0.5,
  smoothing = 0.5,
  force = FALSE
)

dfm_smooth(x, smoothing = 1)

Arguments

x

document-feature matrix created by dfm

scheme

a label of the weight type:

count

\(tf_{ij}\), an integer feature count (default when a dfm is created)

prop

the proportion of the feature counts of total feature counts (aka relative frequency), calculated as \(tf_{ij} / \sum_j tf_{ij}\)

propmax

the proportion of the feature counts of the highest feature count in a document, \(tf_{ij} / \textrm{max}_j tf_{ij}\)

logcount

take the 1 + the logarithm of each count, for the given base, or 0 if the count was zero: \(1 + \textrm{log}_{base}(tf_{ij})\) if \(tf_{ij} > 0\), or 0 otherwise.

boolean

recode all non-zero counts as 1

augmented

equivalent to \(k + (1 - k) *\) dfm_weight(x, "propmax")

logave

(1 + the log of the counts) / (1 + log of the average count within document), or $$\frac{1 + \textrm{log}_{base} tf_{ij}}{1 + \textrm{log}_{base}(\sum_j tf_{ij} / N_i)}$$

logsmooth

log of the counts + smooth, or \(tf_{ij} + s\)

weights

if scheme is unused, then weights can be a named numeric vector of weights to be applied to the dfm, where the names of the vector correspond to feature labels of the dfm, and the weights will be applied as multipliers to the existing feature counts for the corresponding named features. Any features not named will be assigned a weight of 1.0 (meaning they will be unchanged).

base

base for the logarithm when scheme is "logcount" or logave

k

the k for the augmentation when scheme = "augmented"

smoothing

constant added to the dfm cells for smoothing, default is 1 for dfm_smooth() and 0.5 for dfm_weight()

force

logical; if TRUE, apply weighting scheme even if the dfm has been weighted before. This can result in invalid weights, such as as weighting by "prop" after applying "logcount", or after having grouped a dfm using dfm_group().

Value

dfm_weight returns the dfm with weighted values. Note the because the default weighting scheme is "count", simply calling this function on an unweighted dfm will return the same object. Many users will want the normalized dfm consisting of the proportions of the feature counts within each document, which requires setting scheme = "prop".

dfm_smooth returns a dfm whose values have been smoothed by adding the smoothing amount. Note that this effectively converts a matrix from sparse to dense format, so may exceed memory requirements depending on the size of your input matrix.

References

Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., & Schütze, H. (2008). An Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/pdf/irbookonlinereading.pdf

See also

Examples

dfmat1 <- dfm(tokens(data_corpus_inaugural))

dfmat2 <- dfm_weight(dfmat1, scheme = "prop")
topfeatures(dfmat2)
#>       the         ,        of       and         .        to        in       our 
#> 3.8746040 2.8791122 2.7457270 2.1535669 2.1184249 1.8164093 1.1034320 0.9072259 
#>         a        we 
#> 0.8956451 0.8399955 
dfmat3 <- dfm_weight(dfmat1)
topfeatures(dfmat3)
#>   the     ,    of   and     .    to    in     a   our    we 
#> 10284  7320  7257  5502  5365  4656  2869  2338  2267  1915 
dfmat4 <- dfm_weight(dfmat1, scheme = "logcount")
topfeatures(dfmat4)
#>      the        ,       of      and        .       to       in        a 
#> 188.1942 180.6528 179.1567 173.1428 171.6389 168.8410 155.6535 148.9287 
#>      our     that 
#> 146.0093 143.7543 
dfmat5 <- dfm_weight(dfmat1, scheme = "logave")
topfeatures(dfmat5)
#>       the         ,        of       and         .        to        in         a 
#> 125.91859 120.77997 119.84709 115.72921 114.67245 112.93123 103.98982  99.22964 
#>       our      that 
#>  97.25317  96.00096 

# combine these methods for more complex dfm_weightings, e.g. as in Section 6.4
# of Introduction to Information Retrieval
head(dfm_tfidf(dfmat1, scheme_tf = "logcount"))
#> Document-feature matrix of: 6 documents, 9,437 features (93.83% sparse) and 4 docvars.
#>                  features
#> docs              fellow-citizens of the    senate and    house representatives
#>   1789-Washington       0.4993976  0   0 0.8239087   0 1.138481       0.8222812
#>   1793-Washington       0          0   0 0           0 0              0        
#>   1797-Adams            0.7376709  0   0 0.8239087   0 0              0.8222812
#>   1801-Jefferson        0.6497313  0   0 0           0 0              0        
#>   1805-Jefferson        0          0   0 0           0 0              0        
#>   1809-Madison          0.4993976  0   0 0           0 0              0        
#>                  features
#> docs                      :     among vicissitudes
#>   1789-Washington 0.1983677 0.1446828     1.079181
#>   1793-Washington 0.1983677 0             0       
#>   1797-Adams      0         0.2317905     0       
#>   1801-Jefferson  0.1983677 0.1446828     0       
#>   1805-Jefferson  0         0.2669539     0       
#>   1809-Madison    0         0             0       
#> [ reached max_nfeat ... 9,427 more features ]

# smooth the dfm
dfmat <- dfm(tokens(data_corpus_inaugural))
dfm_smooth(dfmat, 0.5)
#> Document-feature matrix of: 60 documents, 9,437 features (0.00% sparse) and 4 docvars.
#>                  features
#> docs              fellow-citizens    of   the senate   and house
#>   1789-Washington             1.5  71.5 116.5    1.5  48.5   2.5
#>   1793-Washington             0.5  11.5  13.5    0.5   2.5   0.5
#>   1797-Adams                  3.5 140.5 163.5    1.5 130.5   0.5
#>   1801-Jefferson              2.5 104.5 130.5    0.5  81.5   0.5
#>   1805-Jefferson              0.5 101.5 143.5    0.5  93.5   0.5
#>   1809-Madison                1.5  69.5 104.5    0.5  43.5   0.5
#>                  features
#> docs              representatives   : among vicissitudes
#>   1789-Washington             2.5 1.5   1.5          1.5
#>   1793-Washington             0.5 1.5   0.5          0.5
#>   1797-Adams                  2.5 0.5   4.5          0.5
#>   1801-Jefferson              0.5 1.5   1.5          0.5
#>   1805-Jefferson              0.5 0.5   7.5          0.5
#>   1809-Madison                0.5 0.5   0.5          0.5
#> [ reached max_ndoc ... 54 more documents, reached max_nfeat ... 9,427 more features ]